batterys.over-blog.com

 

Gellhorn inspired him to write his most famous novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which he started in March 1939 and finished in July 1940. It was published in October 1940.^[91]Consistent with his pattern of moving around while working on a manuscript, he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Cuba, Wyoming, and Sun Valley.^[86] HP Pavilion dv7-6055sf Battery

For Whom the Bell Tollsbecame a Book-of-the-Month Club choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and as Meyers describes it, "triumphantly re-established Hemingway's literary reputation".^[92] HP Pavilion dv7-6065ef Battery

 

In January 1941 Martha was sent to China on assignment for Collier's magazine. Hemingway went with her, sending in dispatches for the newspaper PM, but in general he disliked China.^[93] They returned to Cuba before the declaration of war by the United States that December when he convinced the Cuban government to help him refit thePilar, which he intended to use to ambush German submarines off the coast of Cuba.^[16] HP Pavilion dv7-6065sf Battery

From June to December 1944 Hemingway was in Europe. At the D-Day landing, he was kept on a landing craft because military officials considered him "precious cargo",^[94]although biographer Kenneth Lynn claims he fabricated accounts that he went ashore during the landings.^[95] HP Pavilion dv7-6070sf Battery

Late in July he attached himself to "the 22nd Infantry Regimentcommanded by Col. Charles 'Buck' Lanham, as it drove toward Paris", and Hemingway became de facto leader to a small band of village militia in Rambouillet outside of Paris.^[94] HP Pavilion dv7-6081eg Battery

Of Hemingway's exploits, World War II historian Paul Fussell remarks: "Hemingway got into considerable trouble playing infantry captain to a group of Resistance people that he gathered because a correspondent is not supposed to lead troops, even if he does it well".^[16] HP Pavilion dv7-6097ef Battery

This was in fact in contravention of the Geneva Convention, and Hemingway was brought up on formal charges; he said he "beat the rap" by claiming that he only offered advice.^[96] HP Pavilion dv7-6090sf Battery

On August 25 he was present at the liberation of Paris, although contrary to the Hemingway legend, he was not the first into the city, nor did he liberate the Ritz.^[97] In Paris he did, however, attend a reunion hosted by Sylvia Beach, where he "made peace with" Gertrude Stein.^[98] HP Business Notebook 2400 Battery

Later that year he was present at heavy fighting in theHürtgenwald near the end of 1944.^[97] On December 17, a feverish and ill Hemingway had himself driven to Luxembourg to cover what would later be called The Battle of the Bulge. As soon as he arrived, however, Lanham handed him to the doctors, who hospitalized him with pneumonia; by the time he recovered a week later most of the fighting was over.^[96] HP Business Notebook 2510p Battery

 

In 1947 Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Star for his bravery during World War II. He was recognized for his valor, having been "under fire in combat areas in order to obtain an accurate picture of conditions," with the commendation that "through his talent of expression, Mr. Hemingway enabled readers to obtain a vivid picture of the difficulties and triumphs of the front-line soldier and his organization in combat."^[16] HP Business Notebook 4200 Battery

 

When Hemingway initially arrived in London, England, he met Time magazine correspondent Mary Welsh, with whom he became infatuated; on their third meeting he asked her to marry him. Martha—who had been forced to cross the Atlantic in a ship filled with explosives because he refused to help her get a press pass on a plane—HP Business Notebook 7400 Battery

arrived in London to find Hemingway hospitalized with a concussion from a car accident. Unsympathetic to his plight, she accused him of being a bully, and told him she was "through, absolutely finished."^[99] The last time he saw her was in March 1945 as he was preparing to return to Cuba.^[100] HP Business Notebook 8200 Battery

 

CUBA AND THE NOBEL PRIZE

Hemingway said he "was out of business as a writer" from 1942 to 1945.^[101] In 1946 he married Mary, who had an ectopic pregnancy five months later. The Hemingway family suffered a series of accidents and health problems in the years following the war: in a 1945 car accident he "smashed his knee" and sustained another "deep wound on his forehead";HP Business Notebook 8400 Battery

Mary broke first her right ankle and then her left in successive skiing accidents. A 1947 car accident left Patrick with a head wound and severely ill.^[102] Hemingway sank into depression as his literary friends began to die: in 1939 Yeats and Ford Madox Ford; in 1940 Scott Fitzgerald; HP Business Notebook 8710p Battery

in 1941 Sherwood Anderson and James Joyce; in 1946 Gertrude Stein; and the following year in 1947, Max Perkins, Hemingway's long-time Scribner's editor and friend.^[103] During this period, he suffered from severe headaches, high blood pressure, weight problems, HP Business Notebook 9400 Battery

and eventually diabetes—much of which was the result of previous accidents and many years of heavy drinking.^[104] Nonetheless, in January 1946 he began work on The Garden of Eden, finishing 800 pages by June.^{[105][note 4]} HP Business Notebook NC2400 Battery

During the post–war years he also began work on a trilogy tentatively titled "The Land", "The Sea" and "The Air", which he wanted to combine in one novel titled The Sea Book. However, both projects stalled, and Mellow says that Hemingway's inability to continue was "a symptom of his troubles" during these years.^{[106][note 5]} HP Business Notebook NC4200 Battery

 

In 1948, Hemingway and Mary traveled to Europe, staying in Venice for several months. While there, Hemingway fell in love with the then 19-year-old Adriana Ivancich. The platonic love affair inspired the novel Across the River and Into the Trees, written in Cuba during a time of strife with Mary, and published in 1950 to negative reviews.^[107] HP Business Notebook NC4400 Battery

The following year, furious at the critical reception of Across the River and Into the Trees, he wrote the draft of The Old Man and the Sea in eight weeks, saying that it was "the best I can write ever for all of my life".^[104] The Old Man and the Sea became a book-of-the-month selection, made Hemingway an international celebrity, and won the Pulitzer Prize in May 1952, a month before he left for his second trip to Africa.^[108][109] HP Business Notebook NC8200 Battery

 

In 1954, while in Africa, Hemingway was almost fatally injured in two successive plane crashes. He chartered a sightseeing flight over the Belgian Congo as a Christmas present to Mary. On their way to photograph Murchison Falls from the air, the plane struck an abandoned utility pole and "crash landed in heavy brush." Hemingway's injuries included a head wound, while Mary broke two ribs.^[110] HP Business Notebook NC8230 Battery

The next day, attempting to reach medical care in Entebbe, they boarded a second plane that exploded at take-off, with Hemingway suffering burns and another concussion, this one serious enough to cause leaking of cerebral fluid.^[111] HP Business Notebook NC8430 Battery

They eventually arrived in Entebbe to find reporters covering the story of Hemingway's death. He briefed the reporters and spent the next few weeks recuperating and reading his erroneous obituaries.^[112] Despite his injuries, Hemingway accompanied Patrick and his wife on a planned fishing expedition in February, but pain caused him to be irascible and difficult to get along with.^[113] HP Business Notebook NX4800 Battery

When a bushfire broke out he was again injured, sustaining second degree burns on his legs, front torso, lips, left hand and right forearm.^[114] Months later in Venice, "according to Mary they learned the full extent of Hemingway's injuries".HP Business Notebook NX7400 Battery

She reported to friends that he had two cracked discs, a kidney and liver rupture, a dislocated shoulder and a broken skull.^[113] The accidents may have precipitated the physical deterioration that was to follow. After the plane crashes, Hemingway, who had been "a thinly controlled alcoholic throughout much of his life, drank more heavily than usual to combat the pain of his injuries."^[115] HP Business Notebook NX8200 Battery

 

In October 1954 Hemingway received the Nobel Prize in Literature. He modestly told the press that Carl Sandburg, Isak Dinesen and Bernard Berenson deserved the prize,^[116]but the prize money would be welcome.^[117] HP Business Notebook NX8220 Battery

 Mellow claims Hemingway "had coveted the Nobel Prize", but when he won it, months after his plane accidents and the ensuing world-wide press coverage, "there must have been a lingering suspicion in Hemingway's mind that his obituary notices had played a part in the academy's decision."^[118] HP Business Notebook NX8420 Battery

Because he was suffering pain from the African accidents, he decided against traveling toStockholm.^[119] Instead he sent a speech to be read, defining the writer's life: "Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. HP Business Notebook NX9420 Battery

Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day."^[ HP Business Notebook NX9500 Battery

 

From the end of the year in 1955 to early 1956, Hemingway was bedridden.^[121] He was told to stop drinking to mitigate liver damage, advice he initially followed but then disregarded.^[122] In October 1956 he returned to Europe and met Basque writer Pio Baroja, HP Business Notebook TC4400 Battery

who was seriously ill and died weeks later. During the trip Hemingway became sick again and was treated for "high blood pressure, liver disease, and arteriosclerosis".^[121] HP Business Notebook TC4200 Battery

 

In November, while in Paris, he was reminded of trunks he had stored in the Ritz Hotel in 1928 and never retrieved. The trunks were filled with notebooks and writing from his Paris years. Excited about the discovery, when he returned to Cuba in 1957 he began to shape the recovered work into his memoir A Moveable Feast.^[123] HP Business NX9100 Battery

By 1959 he ended a period of intense activity: he finished A Moveable Feast (scheduled to be released the following year); brought True at First Light to 200,000 words; added chapters to The Garden of Eden; and worked on Islands in the Stream. HP Business NX9600 Battery

The latter three were stored in a safe deposit box in Havana, as he focused on the finishing touches for A Moveable Feast. Reynolds claims that it was during this period he slid into depression, from which he was unable to recover.^[124] HP NC6110 Battery

 

The Finca Vigia became crowded with guests and tourists, as Hemingway, beginning to become unhappy with life there, considered a permanent move to Idaho. In 1959 he bought a home overlooking the Big Wood River, outside of Ketchum, and left Cuba—although he apparently remained on easy terms with the Castro government, telling theNew York Times he was "delighted" with Castro's overthrow of Batista.^[125][126] HP NC6120 Battery

He was in Cuba in November 1959, between returning from Pamplona and traveling west to Idaho, and the following year for his birthday; however, that year he and Mary decided to leave after hearing the news that Castro wanted to nationalize property owned by Americans and other foreign nationals.^[127] IHP NC6140 Battery

in July 1960 the Hemingways left Cuba for the last time, leaving art and manuscripts in a bank vault in Havana. After the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Finca Vigia was expropriated by the Cuban government, complete with Hemingway's collection of "four to six thousand books".^[128] HP NX5100 Battery

 

IDAHO AND SUICIDE

Hemingway continued to rework the material that would be published as A Moveable Feast through the end of the 1950s.^[123] In the summer of 1959 he visited Spain to research a series of bullfighting articles commissioned by Life Magazine,^[129] HP NX6110 Battery

returning to Cuba in January 1960 to work on the manuscript. Life only wanted 10,000 words, but the manuscript grew out of control. For the first time in his life, unable to organize his writing, he asked A. E. Hotchner to travel to Cuba to help. HP NX6120 Battery

Hotchner helped him trim the Life piece to 40,000 words, and Scribner's agreed to a full-length book version (The Dangerous Summer) of almost 130,000 words.^[130] Hotchner found Hemingway to be "unusually hesitant, disorganized, and confused",^[131] and he was suffering badly from failing eyesight.^[132] HP NX6125 Battery

 

On July 25, 1960, Hemingway and Mary left Cuba, never to return. Hemingway then traveled alone to Spain to be photographed for the front cover of the current Life magazine piece. A few days later he was reported in the news to be seriously ill and on the verge of dying, which panicked Mary until she received a cable from him telling her, "Reports false. Enroute Madrid. Love Papa."^[133] HP Omnibook 4100 Battery

However, he was seriously ill and believed himself to be on the verge of a breakdown.^[130] He was lonely and took to his bed for days, retreating into silence, despite the first installments of The Dangerous Summer published in Life in September 1960 to good reviews.^[134] HP Omnibook 6000 Battery

In October he left Spain for New York, where he refused to leave Mary's apartment on the pretext that he was being watched. She quickly took him out to Idaho, where George Saviers (a Sun Valley physician) met them at the train.^[130] HP Omnibook XE Battery

 

At this time Hemingway was worried about money and about his safety.^[132] He worried about his taxes, and that he would never return to Cuba to retrieve the manuscripts he had left there in a bank vault. He also became paranoid,^[135] HP Omnibook XE2 Battery

and thought the FBI was actively monitoring his movements in Ketchum.^{[136] [note 7]} By the end of November Mary was at wits' end and Saviers suggested Hemingway go to the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, where he may have believed he was to be treated for hypertension.^[135] HP Omnibook XE3 Battery

At an attempt at anonymity he was checked in under Saviers' name.^[134] Meyers writes that "an aura of secrecy surrounds Hemingway's treatment at the Mayo", but confirms he was treated withelectroconvulsive therapy as many as 15 times in December 1960, HP Omnibook XT1000 Battery

then in January 1961 he was "released in ruins."^[137] Reynolds accessed Hemingway's records at the Mayo which indicate the combination of medications may have created a depressive state, for which he was treated.^[138] HP Omnibook XT1500 Battery

 

Three months later in April 1961, back in Ketchum, one morning in the kitchen Mary "found Hemingway holding a shotgun." She called Saviers who sedated him and admitted him to the Sun Valley hospital; from there he was returned to the Mayo Clinic for more electro shock treatments.^[139] HP Pavilion DV1000 Battery

He was released in late June and arrived home in Ketchum on June 30. Two days later, in the early morning hours of July 2, 1961, Hemingway "quite deliberately" shot himself with his favorite shotgun.^[140] He unlocked the basement storeroom where his guns were kept, HP Pavilion DV2000 Battery

went upstairs to the front entrance foyer of their Ketchum home, and "pushed two shells into the twelve-gauge Boss shotgun ...put the end of the barrel into his mouth, pulled the trigger and blew out his brains." HP Pavilion DV2100 Battery

Mary called the Sun Valley Hospital, and Dr. Scott Earle arrived at the house within "fifteen minutes". Despite his finding that Hemingway "had died of a self-inflicted wound to the head", the story told to the press was that the death had been "accidental".^[141] HP Pavilion DV2200 Battery

 

During his final years, Hemingway's behavior was similar to his father's before he himself committed suicide;^[142] his father may have had the genetic disease hemochromatosis, in which the inability to metabolize iron culminates in mental and physical deterioration.^[143] HP Pavilion DV2300 Battery

Medical records made available in 1991 confirm that Hemingway's hemochromatosis had been diagnosed in early 1961.^[144] His sister Ursula and his brother Leicester also committed suicide.^[145] Added to Hemingway's physical ailments was the additional problem that he had been a heavy drinker for most of his life.^[104] HP Pavilion DV2400 Battery

Hemingway's family and friends flew to Ketchum for the funeral which was officiated by the local Catholic priest, who believed the death accidental.^[141] Of the funeral (during which an altar boy fainted at the head of the casket), his brother Leicester wrote: "It seemed to me Ernest would have approved of it all."^[146] HP Pavilion DV2500 Battery

In a press interview five years later Mary Hemingway admitted that her husband had committed suicide.^[147]

Writing style

The New York Times wrote in 1926 of Hemingway's first novel, "No amount of analysis can convey the quality of The Sun Also Rises. HP Pavilion DV2600 Battery

It is a truly gripping story, told in a lean, hard, athletic narrative prose that puts more literary English to shame."^[148] The Sun Also Rises is written in spare, tight prose that influenced countless crime and pulp fiction novels and made Hemingway famous.^[149] HP Pavilion DV2700 Battery

In 1954, when Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, it was for "his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style."^[150] HP Pavilion DV4 Battery

Henry Louis Gates believes Hemingway's style was fundamentally shaped "in reaction to [his] experience of world war". After World War I, he and other modernists "lost faith in the central institutions of Western civilization," HP Pavilion DV4T Battery

by reacting against the elaborate style of 19th century writers and by creating a style "in which meaning is established through dialogue, through action, and silences—a fiction in which nothing crucial—or at least very little—is stated explicitly."^[16] HP Pavilion DV5 Battery

Because he began as a writer of short stories, Baker believes Hemingway learned to "get the most from the least, how to prune language, how to multiply intensities and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth."^[152] HP Pavilion DV5T Battery

Hemingway called his style the iceberg theory: the facts float above water; the supporting structure and symbolism operate out of sight.^[152] The concept of the iceberg theory is sometimes referred to as the "theory of omission." HP Pavilion DV7T Battery

Hemingway believed the writer could describe one thing (such as Nick Adams fishing in "The Big Two-Hearted River") though an entirely different thing occurs below the surface (Nick Adams concentrating on fishing to the extent that he does not have to think about anything else).^[153] HP Pavilion DV4000 Battery

Jackson Benson believes Hemingway used autobiographical details as framing devices about life in general—not only about his life. For example, Benson postulates that Hemingway used his experiences and drew them out with "what if" scenarios: HP Pavilion DV5000 Battery

"what if I were wounded in such a way that I could not sleep at night? What if I were wounded and made crazy, what would happen if I were sent back to the front?"^[154] Writing in "The Art of the Short Story," Hemingway explains: "A few things I have found to be true. HP Pavilion DV6100 Battery

If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless. The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit."^[155] HP Pavilion DV6300 Battery

The simplicity of the prose is deceptive. Zoe Trodd believes Hemingway crafted skeletal sentences in response to Henry James's observation that World War I had "used up words." Hemingway offers a "multi-focal" photographic reality. HP Pavilion DV6500t Battery

His iceberg theory of omission is the foundation on which he builds. The syntax, which lacks subordinating conjunctions, creates static sentences. The photographic "snapshot" style creates acollage of images. Many types of internal punctuation (colons, semicolons, dashes, parentheses) are omitted in favor of short declarative sentences. HP Pavilion DV8000 Battery

The sentences build on each other, as events build to create a sense of the whole. Multiple strands exist in one story; an "embedded text" bridges to a different angle. He also uses other cinematic techniques of "cutting" quickly from one scene to the next; or of "splicing" a scene into another. Intentional omissions allow the reader to fill the gap, as though responding to instructions from the author, and create three-dimensional prose.^[157] HP Pavilion DV8002ea Battery

In his literature, and in his personal writing, Hemingway habitually used the word "and" in place of commas. This use of polysyndeton may serve to convey immediacy. Hemingway's polysyndetonic sentence—or in later works his use of subordinate clauses—uses conjunctions to juxtapose startling visions and images; Jackson Benson compares them to haikus.^[158][159] HP Pavilion DV9000 Battery

 Many of Hemingway's followers misinterpreted his lead and frowned upon all expression of emotion; Saul Bellow satirized this style as "Do you have emotions? Strangle them."^[160] However, Hemingway's intent was not to eliminate emotion, but to portray it more scientifically. HP Pavilion DV9100 Battery

Hemingway thought it would be easy, and pointless, to describe emotions; he sculpted collages of images in order to grasp "the real thing, the sequence of motion and fact which made the emotion and which would be as valid in a year or in ten years or, HP Pavilion DV9500 Battery

with luck and if you stated it purely enough, always".^[161]This use of an image as an objective correlative is characteristic of Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Proust.^[162] Hemingway's letters refer to Proust's Remembrance of Things Past several times over the years, and indicate he read the book at least twice.^[163] HP Pavilion DV9600 Battery

Themes

The recurring themes of American literature are clearly evident in Hemingway's work. Critic Leslie Fiedler sees the theme he defines as "The Sacred Land"—the American West—extended in Hemingway's work to include mountains in Spain, Switzerland and Africa, and to the streams of Michigan. HP Pavilion N3200 Battery

The American West is given a symbolic nod with the naming of the "Hotel Montana" in The Sun Also Rises and For Whom the Bell Tolls.^[164] Although Hemingway writes about sports, Carlos Baker believes the emphasis is more on the athlete than the sport.^[165] HP Pavilion N5100 Battery

According to Stoltzfus and Fiedler, Hemingway's nature is a place for rebirth, for therapy, and the hunter or fisherman has a moment of transcendence when the prey is killed.^[166] Nature is where men are without women: men fish; men hunt; men find redemption in nature.^[164] HP Pavilion N5200 Battery

Fiedler believes Hemingway inverts the American literary theme of the evil "Dark Woman" versus the good "Light Woman". The dark woman—Brett Ashley of The Sun Also Rises—is a goddess; the light woman—Margot Macomber of "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber"—is a murderess.^[164] HP Pavilion N5250 Battery

Robert Scholes admits that early Hemingway stories, such as "A Very Short Story", present "a male character favorably and a female unfavorably."^[167] According to Rena Sanderson, early Hemingway critics lauded his male-centric world of masculine pursuits, and the fiction divided women into "castrators or love-slaves." HP Pavilion N5290 Battery

Feminist critics attacked Hemingway as "public enemy number one", although more recent re-evaluations of his work "have given new visibility to Hemingway's female characters (and their strengths) and have revealed his own sensitivity to gender issues, HP Pavilion N5300 Battery

thus casting doubts on the old assumption that his writings were one-sidedly masculine."^[168] Nina Baym believes that Brett Ashley and Margot Macomber "are the two outstanding examples of Hemingway's 'bitch women.'"^[169] HP Pavilion N5340 Battery

The theme of women and death is evident in stories as early as "Indian Camp". The theme of death permeates Hemingway's work. Young believes the emphasis in "Indian Camp" was not so much on the woman who gives birth or the father who commits suicide, HP Pavilion N5350 Battery

but on Nick Adams who witnesses these events as a child, and becomes a "badly scarred and nervous young man." Hemingway sets the events in "Indian Camp" that shape the Adams persona. Young believes "Indian Camp" holds the "master key" to "what its author was up to for some thirty-five years of his writing career." ^[170] HP Pavilion N5390 Battery

Stoltzfus considers Hemingway's work to be more complex with a representation of the truth inherent in existentialism: if "nothingness" is embraced, then redemption is achieved at the moment of death. Those who face death with dignity and courage live an authentic life. HP Pavilion N5400 Battery

Francis Macomber dies happy because the last hours of his life are authentic; the bullfighter in the corridarepresents the pinnacle of a life lived with authenticity.^[166] In his paper The Uses of Authenticity: Hemingway and the Literary Field, HP Pavilion N5415 Battery

Timo Müller writes that Hemingway's fiction is successful because the characters live an "authentic life", and the "soldiers, fishers, boxers and backwoodsmen are among the archetypes of authenticity in modern literature".^[171]HP Pavilion N5420 Battery

The theme of emasculation is prevalent in Hemingway's work, most notably in The Sun Also Rises. Emasculation, according to Fiedler, is a result of a generation of wounded soldiers; and of a generation in which women such as Brett gained emancipation. HP Pavilion N5425 Battery

This also applies to the minor character, Frances Clyne, Cohn's girlfriend in the beginning in the book. Her character supports the theme not only because the idea was presented early on in the novel but also the impact she had on Cohn in the start of the book while only appearing a small number of times.^[164] HP Pavilion N5430 Battery

Baker believes Hemingway's work emphasizes the "natural" versus the "unnatural". In "Alpine Idyll" the "unnaturalness" of skiing in the high country late spring snow is juxtaposed against the "unnaturalness" of the peasant who allowed his wife's dead body to linger too long in the shed during the winter. The skiers and peasant retreat to the valley to the "natural" spring for redemption.^[165] HP Pavilion N5435 Battery

Some critics have characterized Hemingway's work as misogynistic and homophobic. Susan Beegel analyzed four decades of Hemingway criticism, published in her essay "Critical Reception". She found, particularly in the 1980s, "critics interested in multiculturalism" simply ignored Hemingway; although some "apologetics" have been written.HP Pavilion N5440 Battery

Typical is this analysis of The Sun Also Rises: "Hemingway never lets the reader forget that Cohn is a Jew, not an unattractive character who happens to be a Jew but a character who is unattractive because he is a Jew." During the same decade, according to Beegel, criticism was published that investigated the "horror of homosexuality", and racism in Hemingway's fiction.^[172] HP Pavilion N5445 Battery

Influence and legacy

Hemingway's legacy to American literature is his style: writers who came after him emulated it or avoided it.^[173] After his reputation was established with the publication ofThe Sun Also Rises, he became the spokesperson for the post–World War I generation, having established a style to follow.^[149] His books were burned in Berlin in 1933, "HP Pavilion N5455 Battery

as being a monument of modern decadence", and disavowed by his parents as "filth".^[174]Reynolds asserts the legacy is that "he left stories and novels so starkly moving that some have become part of our cultural heritage."^[175] HP Pavilion N5470 Battery

 In a 2004 speech at the John F. Kennedy Library, Russell Banks declared that he, like many male writers of his generation, was influenced by Hemingway's writing philosophy, style, and public image.^[176] Müller reports that Hemingway "has the highest recognition value of all writers worldwide".^[177] HP Pavilion N5490 Battery

Benson believes the details of Hemingway's life have become a "prime vehicle for exploitation", resulting in a Hemingway industry.^[178] Hemingway scholar Hallengren believes the "hard boiled style" and the machismo must be separated from the author himself.^[174] HP Pavilion N6000 Battery

Benson agrees, describing him as introverted and private as J. D. Salinger, although Hemingway masked his nature with braggadocio.^[179] In fact, during World War II, Salinger met and corresponded with Hemingway, whom he acknowledged as an influence. In a letter to Hemingway, Salinger claimed their talks "had given him his only hopeful minutes of the entire war" and jokingly "named himself national chairman of the Hemingway Fan Clubs."^[180] HP Pavilion N6195 Battery

The extent of Hemingway's influence is seen in the tributes and echoes of his fiction in popular culture. A minor planet, discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, was named for him (3656 Hemingway);^[181] Ray Bradbury wroteThe Kilimanjaro Device, with Hemingway transported to the top of Mount Kilimanjaro;^[69] HP Pavilion n6400 Battery

the 1993 motion picture Wrestling Ernest Hemingway, about the friendship of two retired men, Irish and Cuban, in a seaside town in Florida, starred Robert Duvall, Richard Harris,Shirley MacLaine, Sandra Bullock, and Piper Laurie.^[182] The influence is evident with the many restaurants named "Hemingway"; and the proliferation of bars called "Harry's" (a nod to the bar in Across the River and Into the Trees).^[183] HP Pavilion N6490 Battery

A line of Hemingway furniture, promoted by Hemingway's son Jack (Bumby), has pieces such as the "Kilimanjaro" bedside table, and a "Catherine" slip-covered sofa. Montblanc offers a Hemingway fountain pen, and a line of Hemingway safari clothes has been created.^[184] THP Pavilion XF100 Battery

the International Imitation Hemingway Competition was created in 1977 to publicly acknowledge his influence and the comically misplaced efforts of lesser authors to imitate his style. Entrants are encouraged to submit one "really good page of really bad Hemingway" and winners are flown to Italy to Harry's Bar.^[185] HP Pavilion XZ100 Battery

In 1965 Mary Hemingway established the Hemingway Foundation and in the 1970s she donated her husband's papers to the John F. Kennedy Library. In 1980 a group of Hemingway scholars gathered to assess the donated papers, subsequently forming the Hemingway Society, "committed to supporting and fostering Hemingway scholarship."^[186] HP Pavilion ZD7000 Battery

Almost exactly 35 years after Hemingway's death, on July 1, 1996, his granddaughterMargaux Hemingway died in Santa Monica, California. Margaux was a supermodel and actress, co-starring with her sister Mariel in the 1976 movie Lipstick.^[187] Her death was later ruled a suicide, making her "the fifth person in four generations of her family to commit suicide."^[188] HP Pavilion ZD7300 Battery

EARLY POLITICAL ACTIVITY IN HUNGARY

The right wing daily, Magyar Hírlap published one of her letters sent to the MSZMP, in 1959, begging her reemployment at the university. It includes passages like "As a communist and member of MSZMP I feel it is my duty" and it describes the 1956 Revolution in Hungary as a counter-revolution.^[15] The letter was deemed authentic by historian Fráter Olivér.^[16] Heller claims that her first husband, István Hermann, fabricated the quoted parts of the texts. HP Pavilion ZD7900 Battery

Others^[17] in Hungary criticize the republishing of her early works. In the new editions, they claim she simply cut out citations from Marx, Lenin, Makarenko and other communist ideologists as well as parts criticizing non-Marxist thinkers and writers. According to one of her infamous statements, HP Pavilion ZE2000 Battery

 Dezső Kosztolányi was moral nihilist (nihilism being the main characteristic of fascism). She argues that Kosztolányi defined himself as a homo aestethicus, who is opposed to the homo moralis. In Kosztolányi's understanding a homo moralis is narrow minded, HP Pavilion ZT1000 Battery

focusing only on things he/she regards valuables. A homo moralis is cruel to everyone, starts wars, hangs people, offers always Paradise in the future, but turns the Earth into hell. According to Heller, the homo aestethicus is unacceptable and can not be tolerated. She wrote that the socialist morality must be present in the works and in the life of an artist at a very high level. HP Pavilion ZT1125 Battery

Heller's other argument for Kosztolányi's nihilism was that he first had been a supporter of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, but later became a journalist of the right wing Hungarian newspaper, the Új Nemzedék.

Daniel Berkeley Updike (14 February 1860—29 December 1941) was an American printer and historian of typography. HP Pavilion ZT1130 Battery

Updike was born at Providence, Rhode Island. In 1880 he joined the publishers Houghton, Mifflin & Company, of Boston as an errand boy. He worked for the firm's Riverside Pressand trained as a printer but soon moved to typographic design. HP Pavilion ZT1150 Battery

He set up on his own in 1893, and renamed his enterprise the Merrymount Press in 1896. That same year, one of his first works with the "Merrymount Press" was "In the Old Days, A Fragment" written by his mother, Elisabeth Bigelow Updike, as reminiscences of her youth. HP Pavilion ZT1145 Battery

Initially he followed the style of William Morris and the Kelmscott Press but soon turned towards the historical printing of the seventeenth, eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He began to acquire fonts of his own, including some specially cut for him —HP Pavilion ZT1160 Battery

Montalegro and Merrymount. He made his name as a liturgical printer for the Episcopal Church, but also undertook general jobbing and ephemeral work. John Bianchi became a partner in the press in 1915. HP Pavilion ZT1155 Battery

Updike was greatly interested in the history of printing types, and in 1922 published Printing Types: Their History, Forms and Use. An extensively revised second edition was published in 1937. He was involved in the Anglo-American 'Typographical Renaissance' of the time, together with Frederic Goudy, Stanley Morison, Bruce Rogers and Theodore Low De Vinne. HP Pavilion ZT1170 Battery

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Influence on writing

London wrote from a socialist viewpoint, which is evident in his novel The Iron Heel. Neither a theorist nor an intellectual socialist, London's socialism grew out of his life experience. HP Pavilion dv7-4007eo Battery

 

In his late (1913) book The Cruise of the Snark, London writes, without empathy^{[further explanation needed]}, about appeals to him for membership of the Snark's crew from office workers and other "toilers" who longed for escape from the cities, and of being cheated by workmen. HP Pavilion dv7-4010ev Battery

In an unflattering portrait of London's ranch days, Kevin Starr^[who?] (1973) refers to this period as "post-socialist" and says "... by 1911 ... London was more bored by the class struggle than he cared to admit.^{[citation needed]}" Starr maintains^{[neutrality is disputed]}London's socialismHP Pavilion dv7-4010sd Battery

always had a streak of elitism in it, and a good deal of pose. He liked to play working class intellectual when it suited his purpose. Invited to a prominent Piedmont house, he featured a flannel shirt, but, as someone there remarked, HP Pavilion dv7-4010sg Battery

London's badge of solidarity with the working class "looked as if it had been specially laundered for the occasion." [Mark Twain said] "It would serve this man London right to have the working class get control of things. He would have to call out the militia to collect his royalties.^{[citation needed]}" HP Pavilion dv7-4010so Battery

RACIAL VIEWS

London shared common Californian concerns about Asian immigration and "the yellow peril", which he used as the title of a 1904 essay.^[50] This theme was also the subject of a story he wrote in 1910 called "The Unparalleled Invasion".HP Pavilion dv7-4010sv Battery

Presented as a historical essay narrating events between 1976 and 1987, the story describes a China with an ever-increasing population taking over and colonizing its neighbors, with the intention of taking over the entire Earth. The western nations respond with biological warfare and bombard China with dozens of the most infectious diseases.^[51] HP Pavilion dv7-4010sw Battery

 

Many of London's short stories are notable for their empathetic portrayal of Mexican ("The Mexican"), Asian ("The Chinago"), and Hawaiian ("Koolau the Leper") characters. London's war correspondence from the Russo-Japanese War, as well as his unfinished novelCherry, show he admired much about Japanese customs and capabilities.^{[citation needed]} HP Pavilion dv7-4010tx Battery

 

In London's 1902 novel Daughter of the Snows, the character Frona Welse has a speech about Teutonic virtues in contrast to the characteristics of other "races". The scholar Andrew Furer, in a long essay exploring the complexity of London's views, says there is no doubt that Frona Welse is acting as a mouthpiece for London in this passage.^{[citation needed]}: HP Pavilion dv7-4011eg Battery

 

London's 1904 essay, "The Yellow Peril",^[50] criticizes Asians. He admits, "[I]t must be taken into consideration that the above postulate is itself a product of Western race-egotism, urged by our belief in our own righteousness and fostered by a faith in ourselves which may be as erroneous as are most fond race fancies." HP Pavilion dv7-4011el Battery

 

In "Koolau the Leper", London describes Koolau, who is a Hawaiian leper—and thus a very different sort of "superman" than Martin Eden—and who fights off an entire cavalry troop to elude capture, as "indomitable spiritually—a ... magnificent rebel". This character is based on Hawaiian leper Kaluaikoolau who revolt and resisted captured from forces of theProvisional Government of Hawaii in the Kalalau Valley in 1893. HP Pavilion dv7-4011so Battery

 

An amateur boxer and avid boxing fan, London reported on the 1910 Johnson-Jeffries fight, in which the black boxer Jack Johnson vanquished Jim Jeffries, the "Great White Hope". In 1908, according to Furer, London praised Johnson highly, contrasting the black boxer's coolness and intellectual style, with the apelike appearance and fighting style of his white opponent, Tommy Burns: "what . . . HP Pavilion dv7-4012eg Battery

 [won] on Saturday was bigness, coolness, quickness, cleverness, and vast physical superiority... Because a white man wishes a white man to win, this should not prevent him from giving absolute credit to the best man, even when that best man was black. All hail to Johnson." Johnson was "superb. He was impregnable . . . as inaccessible as Mont Blanc."^{[citation needed]} HP Pavilion dv7-4012TX Battery

 

Those who defend London against charges of racism cite the letter he wrote to theJapanese-American Commercial Weekly in 1913: HP Pavilion dv7-4013eg Battery

 

In reply to yours of August 16, 1913. First of all, I should say by stopping the stupid newspaper from always fomenting race prejudice. This of course, being impossible, I would say, next, by educating the people of Japan so that they will be too intelligently tolerant to respond to any call to race prejudice. HP Pavilion dv7-4013el Battery

And, finally, by realizing, in industry and government, of socialism—which last word is merely a word that stands for the actual application of in the affairs of men of the theory of the Brotherhood of Man. HP Pavilion dv7-4013so Battery

 

In the meantime the nations and races are only unruly boys who have not yet grown to the stature of men. So we must expect them to do unruly and boisterous things at times. And, just as boys grow up, so the races of mankind will grow up and laugh when they look back upon their childish quarrels.^[52] HP Pavilion dv7-4013tx Battery

 

In Yukon in 1996, after the City of Whitehorse renamed two streets to honor London andRobert W. Service, protests over London's racialist views forced the city to change the name of "Jack London Boulevard" back to "Two-mile Hill".^[53] HP Pavilion dv7-4014eo Battery

 

London's "strength of utterance" is at its height in his stories, and they are painstakingly well-constructed.^{[citation needed]} "To Build a Fire" is the best known of all his stories. Set in the harsh Klondike, it recounts the haphazard trek of a new arrival who has ignored an old-timer's warning about the risks of traveling alone. HP Pavilion dv7-4015ew Battery

Falling through the ice into a creek in seventy-five-below weather, the unnamed man is keenly aware that survival depends on his untested skills at quickly building a fire to dry his clothes and warm his extremities. After publishing a tame version of this story—with a sunny outcome—in The Youth's Companion in 1902, HP Pavilion dv7-4015ez Battery

London offered a second, more severe take on the man's predicament in The Century Magazine in 1908. Reading both provides an illustration of London's growth and maturation as a writer. As Labor (1994) observes: "To compare the two versions is itself an instructive lesson in what distinguished a great work of literary art from a good children's story."^[A] HP Pavilion dv7-4015sa Battery

 

Other stories from the Klondike period include: "All Gold Canyon", about a battle between a gold prospector and a claim jumper; "The Law of Life", about an aging American Indian man abandoned by his tribe and left to die; "Love of Life", about a trek by a prospector across the Canadian tundra; HP Pavilion dv7-4015sg Battery

"To the Man on Trail," which tells the story of a prospector fleeing the Mounted Police in a sled race, and raises the question of the contrast between written law and morality; and "An Odyssey of the North," which raises questions of conditional morality, and paints a sympathetic portrait of a man of mixed White and Aleutancestry. HP Pavilion dv7-4015sl Battery

 

London was a boxing fan and an avid amateur boxer. "A Piece of Steak" is a tale about a match between older and younger boxers. It contrasts the differing experiences of youth and age but also raises the social question of the treatment of aging workers. "The Mexican" combines boxing with a social theme, as a young Mexican endures an unfair fight and ethnic prejudice in order to earn money with which to aid the revolution. HP Pavilion dv7-4015ss Battery

 

Numerous stories of London would today be classified as science fiction. "The Unparalleled Invasion" describes germ warfare against China; "Goliah" revolves around an irresistible energy weapon; "The Shadow and the Flash" is a tale about two brothers who take different routes to achieving invisibility; "A Relic of the Pliocene" is a tall tale about an encounter of a modern-day man with a mammoth. HP Pavilion dv7-4016eg Battery

"The Red One" is a late story from a period when London was intrigued by the theories of the psychiatrist and writer Jung. It tells of an island tribe held in thrall by an extraterrestrial object. His dystopian novel, The Iron Heel, meets the contemporary definition of soft science fiction. HP Pavilion dv7-4017ez Battery

 

Some nineteen original collections of short stories were published during London's brief life or shortly after his death. There have been numerous posthumous anthologies drawn from this pool of nineteen books. Many of these collections have been themed around the locales of the Klondike and the Pacific. A collection of Jack London's San Francisco Stories was published in October 2010 by Sydney Samizdat Press.^[55] HP Pavilion dv7-4019sz Battery

 

NOVELS

London's most famous novels are The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea-Wolf, The Iron Heel, and Martin Eden.^[56]

In a letter dated Dec 27, 1901, London's Macmillan publisher George Platt Brett, Sr. said "he believed Jack's fiction represented 'the very best kind of work' done in America."^[57] HP Pavilion dv7-4020ec Battery

 

Critic Maxwell Geismar called The Call of the Wild "a beautiful prose poem"; editor Franklin Walker said that it "belongs on a shelf with Walden and Huckleberry Finn"; and novelistE.L. Doctorow called it "a mordant parable ... his masterpiece."^{[citation needed]} HP Pavilion dv7-4020em Battery

 

The historian Dale L. Walker^[54] commented:

Jack London was an uncomfortable novelist, that form too long for his natural impatience and the quickness of his mind. His novels, even the best of them, are hugely flawed. HP Pavilion dv7-4020eo Battery

 

Critics have said his novels are episodic and resemble a linked series of short stories. Walker writes:

The Star Rover, that magnificent experiment, is actually a series of short stories connected by a unifying device ... Smoke Bellew is a series of stories bound together in a novel-like form by their reappearing protagonist, Kit Bellew; and John Barleycorn ... is a synoptic series of short episodes.^[54] HP Pavilion dv7-4020sa Battery

 

Ambrose Bierce said of The Sea-Wolf that "the great thing—and it is among the greatest of things—is that tremendous creation, Wolf Larsen ... the hewing out and setting up of such a figure is enough for a man to do in one lifetime." However, he noted, "The love element, with its absurd suppressions, and impossible proprieties, is awful."^[58] HP Pavilion dv7-4021tx Battery

 

The Iron Heel is interesting as an example of a dystopian novel that anticipates and influenced George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four.^[59] London's socialist politics are explicitly on display here. HP Pavilion dv7-4022tx Battery

 

APOCRYPHA

The biographer Stasz notes that the passage "has many marks of London's style" but the only line that could be safely attributed to London was the first.^[60] The words Shepard quoted were from a story in the San Francisco Bulletin, December 2, 1916 by journalist Ernest J. HP Pavilion dv7-4023so Battery

Hopkins, who visited the ranch just weeks before London's death. Stasz notes "Even more so than today journalists' quotes were unreliable or even sheer inventions" and says no direct source in London's writings has been found. HP Pavilion dv7-4024so Battery

In the short story "By The Turtles of Tasman", a character, defending her ne'er-do-well grasshopperish father to her antlike uncle, says: "... my father has been a king. He has lived .... Have you lived merely to live? Are you afraid to die? I'd rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet. When you are dust, my father will be ashes." HP Pavilion dv7-4024tx Battery

 

The Scab

Main article: Strikebreaker

A short diatribe on "The Scab" is often quoted within the U.S. labor movement and frequently attributed to London. It opens: HP Pavilion dv7-4025eo Battery

 

After God had finished the rattlesnake, the toad, and the vampire, he had some awful substance left with which he made a scab. A scab is a two-legged animal with a corkscrew soul, a water brain, a combination backbone of jelly and glue. Where others have hearts, he carries a tumor of rotten principles. When a scab comes down the street, men turn their backs and Angels weep in Heaven, and the Devil shuts the gates of hell to keep him out...."^[61] HP Pavilion dv7-4025ew Battery

 

This passage figured in a 1974 Supreme Court case, in which Justice Thurgood Marshallquoted the passage in full and referred to it as "a well-known piece of trade union literature, generally attributed to author Jack London." A union newsletter had published a "list of scabs," which was granted to be factual and therefore not libelous, but then went on to quote the passage as the "definition of a scab." HP Pavilion dv7-4025ss Battery

The case turned on the question of whether the "definition" was defamatory. The court ruled that "Jack London's... 'definition of a scab' is merely rhetorical hyperbole, a lusty and imaginative expression of the contempt felt by union members towards those who refuse to join," and as such was not libelous and was protected under the First Amendment.^[61] HP Pavilion dv7-4025tx Battery

 

The passage does not appear in the extensive collection of Jack London's writings at Sonoma State University's website. He once gave a speech entitled "The Scab" which he published in his book The War of the Classes, which opens^[62] HP Pavilion dv7-4026eo Battery

 

In a competitive society, where men struggle with one another for food and shelter, what is more natural than that generosity, when it diminishes the food and shelter of men other than he who is generous, should be held an accursed thing? Wise old saws to the contrary, HP Pavilion dv7-4026tx Battery

he who takes from a man's purse takes from his existence. To strike at a man's food and shelter is to strike at his life; and in a society organized on a tooth-and-nail basis, such an act, performed though it may be under the guise of generosity, is none the less menacing and terrible. HP Pavilion dv7-4027so Battery

 

In 1913 and 1914, a number of newspapers printed a passage virtually identical to the first three sentences of the "scab" diatribe, except that the type of individual being vilified varies: God uses the awful substance to make, not a "scab," but a "knocker," or a "stool pigeon," or a "scandal monger." HP Pavilion dv7-4027tx Battery

A 1913 Fort Worth newspaper columnist quotes the "Rule Review" as saying "After God had finished making the rattlesnake, the toad and the vampire, He had some awful substance left, with which he made the knocker."^[63] A Macon, Georgia paper published three full sentences of the definition of a "knocker."^[64] HP Pavilion dv7-4028eo Battery

 

A 1914 Duluth newspaper article, reporting on a trial, has the defense using this passage as a definition of a "stool pigeon."^[65] HP Pavilion dv7-4028tx Battery

 

In 1914 the New Age Magazine, quoted a paragraph from The Eastern Star, another Masonic publication. This passage, too, is virtually identical to the first three sentences of the "Scab" diatribe, except that it defines the "scandal monger."^[66] HP Pavilion dv7-4029tx Battery

 

Might is Right

Anton LaVey's Church of Satan claims that "Ragnar Redbeard", pseudonymous author of the 1896 book Might is Right, was London. No London biographers mention any such possibility. Rodger Jacobs published an essay ridiculing this theory, arguing that in 1896 London was unfamiliar with philosophers heavily cited by "Redbeard", such as Nietzsche, and had not even begun to develop his mature literary style.^[67] HP Pavilion dv7-4030ed Battery

 

William Sidney Porter was born on September 11, 1862, in Greensboro, North Carolina. His middle name at birth was Sidney; he changed the spelling to Sydney in 1898. His parents were Dr. Algernon Sidney Porter (1825–1888), a physician, and Mary Jane Virginia Swaim Porter (1833–1865). HP Pavilion dv7-4030ek Battery

They were married April 20, 1858. When William was three, his mother died from tuberculosis, and he and his father moved into the home of his maternal grandmother. As a child, Porter was always reading, everything from classics todime novels; his favorite works were Lane's translation of One Thousand and One Nights, and Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy.^[2] HP Pavilion dv7-4030em Battery

 

Porter graduated from his aunt Evelina Maria Porter's elementary school in 1876. He then enrolled at the Lindsey Street High School. His aunt continued to tutor him until he was fifteen. In 1879, he started working in his uncle's drugstore and in 1881, at the age of nineteen, he was licensed as a pharmacist. At the drugstore, he also showed off his natural artistic talents by sketching the townsfolk. HP Pavilion dv7-4030er Battery

 

Porter traveled with Dr. James K. Hall to Texas in March 1882, hoping that a change of air would help alleviate a persistent cough he had developed. He took up residence on the sheep ranch of Richard Hall, James' son, in La Salle County and helped out as a shepherd, ranch hand, cook and baby-sitter. HP Pavilion dv7-4030ew Battery

While on the ranch, he learned bits ofSpanish and German from the mix of immigrant ranch hands. He also spent time reading classic literature. Porter's health did improve and he traveled with Richard to Austin in 1884, HP Pavilion dv7-4031eo Battery

where he decided to remain and was welcomed into the home of the Harrells, who were friends of Richard's. Porter took a number of different jobs over the next several years, first as pharmacist then as a draftsman, bank teller and journalist. He also began writing as a sideline. HP Pavilion dv7-4030ss Battery

 

Porter led an active social life in Austin, including membership in singing and drama groups. Porter was a good singer and musician. He played both the guitar and mandolin. He became a member of the "Hill City Quartet," a group of young men who sang at gatherings and serenaded young women of the town. HP Pavilion dv7-4031sd Battery

Porter met and began courting Athol Estes, then seventeen years old and from a wealthy family. Her mother objected to the match because Athol was ill, suffering from tuberculosis. On July 1, 1887, Porter eloped with Athol to the home of Reverend R. K. Smoot, where they were married. HP Pavilion dv7-4031tx Battery

The couple continued to participate in musical and theater groups, and Athol encouraged her husband to pursue his writing. Athol gave birth to a son in 1888, who died hours after birth, and then a daughter, Margaret Worth Porter, in September 1889. HP Pavilion dv7-4032eo Battery

Porter's friend Richard Hall became Texas Land Commissioner and offered Porter a job. Porter started as a draftsman at the Texas General Land Office (GLO) in 1887 at a salary of $100 a month, drawing maps from surveys and field notes. The salary was enough to support his family, but he continued his contributions to magazines and newspapers. HP Pavilion dv7-4033tx Battery

 

In the GLO building, he began developing characters and plots for such stories as "Georgia's Ruling" (1900), and "Buried Treasure" (1908). The castle-like building he worked in was even woven into some of his tales such as "Bexar Scrip No. 2692" (1894). HP Pavilion dv7-4034tx Battery

 

His job at the GLO was a political appointment by Hall. Hall ran for governor in the election of 1890 but lost. Porter resigned in early 1891 when the new governor was sworn in. HP Pavilion dv7-4035es Battery

 

The same year, Porter began working at the First National Bank of Austin as a teller and bookkeeper at the same salary he had made at the GLO. The bank was operated informally and Porter was apparently careless in keeping his books and may have embezzled funds. In 1894, he was accused by the bank of embezzlement and lost his job but was not indicted. HP Pavilion dv7-4035sa Battery

 

He then worked full time on his humorous weekly called The Rolling Stone, which he started while working at the bank. The Rolling Stone featured satire on life, people and politics and included Porter's short stories and sketches. HP Pavilion dv7-4035tx Battery

Although eventually reaching a top circulation of 1500, The Rolling Stone failed in April 1895 since the paper never provided an adequate income. However, his writing and drawings had caught the attention of the editor at the Houston Post. HP Pavilion dv7-4035so Battery

 

Porter and his family moved to Houston in 1895, where he started writing for the Post. His salary was only $25 a month, but it rose steadily as his popularity increased. Porter gathered ideas for his column by loitering in hotel lobbies and observing and talking to people there. This was a technique he used throughout his writing career. HP Pavilion dv7-4036tx Battery

 

Unfortunately for him, while he was in Houston, the First National Bank of Austin was audited by federal auditors and they found the embezzlement shortages that had led to his firing. A federal indictment followed and he was arrested on charges of embezzlement. HP Pavilion dv7-4038ca Battery

 

FLIGHT AND RETURN

Porter's father-in-law posted bail to keep Porter out of jail, but the day before Porter was due to stand trial on July 7, 1896, he fled, first to New Orleans and later to Honduras. While holed up in a Trujillo hotel for several months, he wrote Cabbages and Kings, in which he coined the term "banana republic" to describe the country, subsequently used to describe almost any small, HP Pavilion dv7-4038tx Battery

unstable tropical nation in Latin America.^[3] Porter had sent Athol and Margaret back to Austin to live with Athol's parents. Unfortunately, Athol became too ill to meet Porter in Honduras as Porter had planned. When he learned that his wife was dying, Porter returned to Austin in February 1897 and surrendered to the court, pending anappeal. Once again, Porter's father-in-law posted bail so Porter could stay with Athol and Margaret. HP Pavilion dv7-4039tx Battery

Athol Estes Porter died on July 25, 1897, from tuberculosis (then known as consumption). Porter, having little to say in his own defense, was found guilty of embezzlement in February 1898, sentenced to five years jail, and imprisoned on March 25, 1898, as federal prisoner 30664 at the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio. HP Pavilion dv7-4040ed Battery

While in prison, Porter, as a licensed pharmacist, worked in the prison hospital as the night druggist. Porter was given his own room in the hospital wing, and there is no record that he actually spent time in the cell block of the prison. He had fourteen stories published under various pseudonymswhile he was in prison, but was becoming best known as "O. Henry", HP Pavilion dv7-4040ek Battery

a pseudonym that first appeared over the story "Whistling Dick's Christmas Stocking" in the December 1899 issue of McClure's Magazine. A friend of his in New Orleans would forward his stories to publishers, so they had no idea the writer was imprisoned. HP Pavilion dv7-4040sa Battery

Porter was released on July 24, 1901, for good behavior after serving three years. Porter reunited with his daughter Margaret, now age 11, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where Athol's parents had moved after Porter's conviction. Margaret was never told that her father had been in prison—just that he had been away on business. HP Pavilion dv7-4040sb Battery

Porter's most prolific writing period started in 1902, when he moved to New York City to be near his publishers. While there, he wrote 381 short stories. He wrote a story a week for over a year for the New York World Sunday Magazine. HP Pavilion dv7-4040sp Battery

His wit, characterization, and plot twists were adored by his readers, but often panned by critics. Porter married again in 1907, to childhood sweetheart Sarah (Sallie) Lindsey Coleman, whom he met again after revisiting his native state of North Carolina. HP Pavilion dv7-4040sf Battery

Porter was a heavy drinker, and his health deteriorated markedly in 1908, which affected his writing. In 1909, Sarah left him, and he died on June 5, 1910, of cirrhosis of the liver, complications of diabetes, and an enlarged heart. After funeral services in New York City, he was buried in the Riverside Cemetery in Asheville, North Carolina. His daughter, Margaret Worth Porter, who died in 1927, was buried next to her father. HP Pavilion dv7-4040ss Battery

O. Henry's stories frequently have surprise endings. In his day, he was called the American answer to Guy de Maupassant. Both authors wrote plot twist endings, but O. Henry stories were much more playful. His stories are also known for witty narration. HP Pavilion dv7-4040tx Battery

Most of O. Henry's stories are set in his own time, the early 20th century. Many take place in New York City and deal for the most part with ordinary people: clerks, policemen, waitresses, etc. HP Pavilion dv7-4045ea Battery

O. Henry's work is wide-ranging, and his characters can be found roaming the cattle-lands of Texas, exploring the art of the con-man, or investigating the tensions of class and wealth in turn-of-the-century New York. O. Henry had an inimitable hand for isolating some element of society and describing it with an incredible economy and grace of language. HP Pavilion dv7-4045eb Battery

Some of his best and least-known work is contained in Cabbages and Kings, a series of stories each of which explores some individual aspect of life in a paralytically sleepy Central American town, while advancing some aspect of the larger plot and relating back one to another. HP Pavilion dv7-4045er Battery

Cabbages and Kings was his first collection of stories, followed by The Four Million. The second collection opens with a reference to Ward McAllister's "assertion that there were only 'Four Hundred' people in New York City who were really worth noticing. But a wiser man has arisen—the census taker—and his larger estimate of human interest has been preferred in marking out the field of these little stories of the 'Four Million.'" To O. Henry, everyone in New York counted. HP Pavilion dv7-4047ea Battery

He had an obvious affection for the city, which he called "Bagdad-on-the-Subway,"^[4] and many of his stories are set there—while others are set in small towns or in other cities. HP Pavilion dv7-4050ea Battery

The O. Henry Award is a prestigious annual prize named after Porter and given to outstanding short stories. Several schools around the country bear Porter's pseudonym. HP Pavilion dv7-4050eb Battery

In 1952, a film featuring five stories, called O. Henry's Full House, was made. The episode garnering the most critical acclaim^{[citation needed]} was "The Cop and the Anthem" starring Charles Laughton and Marilyn Monroe. The other stories are "The Clarion Call", "The Last Leaf", "The Ransom of Red Chief" (starring Fred Allen and Oscar Levant), and "The Gift of the Magi".HP Pavilion dv7-4050ec Battery

The O. Henry House and O. Henry Hall, both in Austin, Texas, are named for him. O. Henry Hall, now owned by the University of Texas, previously served as the federal courthouse in which O. Henry was convicted of embezzlement.HP Pavilion dv7-4050ed Battery

Porter has elementary schools named for him in Greensboro, North Carolina (William Sydney Porter Elementary^[7]) and Garland, Texas (O. Henry Elementary), as well as a middle school in Austin, Texas (O. Henry Middle School^[8]). The O. Henry Hotel in Greensboro is also named for Porter. HP Pavilion dv7-4050ei Battery

Demographics

As of the census^[1] of 2000, there were 1,089 people, 455 households, and 322 families residing in the town. The population density was 417.6 people per square mile (161.1/km²). There were 516 housing units at an average density of 197.9 per square mile (76.3/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.71% White, 0.09% Native American, 0.09% fromother races, and 1.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.18% of the population. HP Pavilion dv7-4050em Battery

There were 455 households out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.88. HP Pavilion dv7-4050eo Battery

In the town the population was spread out with 24.0% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.8 males. HP Pavilion dv7-4050er Battery

The median income for a household in the town was $29,107, and the median income for a family was $33,688. Males had a median income of $32,065 versus $22,143 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,375. About 19.4% of families and 23.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.9% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over. HP Pavilion dv7-4050ev Battery

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Twain's next venture was a work of straight fiction that he called Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc and dedicated to his wife. Twain had long said that this was the work he was most proud of, despite the criticism he received for it. The book had been a dream of his since childhood. HP G62 Notebook PC Series Battery

He claimed he had found a manuscript detailing the life of Joan of Arcwhen he was an adolescent.^[32] This was another piece Twain was convinced would save his publishing company. His financial adviser, Henry Huttleston Rogers, quashed that idea and got Twain out of that business altogether, but the book was published nonetheless.HP G62t-100 CTO Battery

During this time of dire financial straits, Twain published several literary reviews in newspapers to help make ends meet. He famously derided James Fenimore Cooper in his article detailing Cooper's "Literary Offenses." He became an extremely outspoken critic not only of other authors, but also of other critics, suggesting that before praising Cooper's work, Professors Loundsbury, Brander Matthes, and Wilkie Collins "ought to have read some of it."^[56] HP G62t Battery

 

Other authors to fall under Twain's attack during this time period (beginning around 1890 until his death) were George Eliot, Jane Austen, and Robert Louis Stevenson.^[57] In addition to providing a source for the "tooth and claw" style of literary criticism, HP G72-100 Battery

Twain outlines in several letters and essays what he considers to be "quality writing." He places emphasis on concision, utility of word choice, and realism (he complains that Cooper'sDeerslayer purports to be realistic but has several shortcomings). Ironically, several of his works were later criticized for lack of continuity (Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) and organization (Pudd'nhead Wilson). HP G72-101SA Battery

 

Twain's wife died in 1904 while the couple were staying at the Villa di Quarto in Florence, and after an appropriate time Twain allowed himself to publish some works that his wife, ade facto editor and censor throughout his life, had looked down upon. HP G72-102SA Battery

Of these works, The Mysterious Stranger, depicting various visits of Satan to the Earth, is perhaps the best known. This particular work was not published in Twain's lifetime. HP G72-105SA Battery

There were three versions found in his manuscripts made between 1897 and 1905: the Hannibal, Eseldorf, and Print Shop versions. Confusion between the versions led to an extensive publication of a jumbled version, and only recently have the original versions as Twain wrote them become available. HP G72-110EL Battery

 

Twain's last work was his autobiography, which he dictated and thought would be most entertaining if he went off on whims and tangents in non-chronological order. Some archivists and compilers have rearranged the biography into more conventional forms, thereby eliminating some of Twain's humor and the flow of the book. The first volume of autobiography, HP G72-110EV Battery

over 736 pages, was published by the University of California in November 2010, 100 years after his death as Twain wished.^[58][59] It soon became an unexpected^[60]best selling book,^[61] making Twain one of very few authors publishing new best-selling volumes in all 3 of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. HP G72-110SA Battery

 

Friendship with Henry H. Rogers

While Twain credited Henry H. Rogers, a Standard Oil executive, with saving him from financial ruin, their close friendship in their later years was mutually beneficial. HP G72-110SD Battery

When Twain lost three of his four children and his beloved wife, the Rogers family increasingly became a surrogate family for him. He became a frequent guest at their townhouse in New York City, their 48-room summer home in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, and aboard their steam yacht, the Kanawha. HP G72-110SO Battery

 

The two men introduced each other to their acquaintances. Twain was an admirer of the remarkable deafblind girl Helen Keller. He first met Keller and her teacher Anne Sullivan at a party in the home of Laurence Hutton in New York City in the winter of 1894. HP G72-110SW Battery

Twain introduced them to Rogers, who, with his wife, paid for Keller's education at Radcliffe College. Twain is credited with labeling Sullivan, Keller's governess and companion, a "miracle worker." His choice of words later became inspiration for the title of William Gibson's play and film adaptation, The Miracle Worker. HP G72-120EG Battery

Twain also introduced Rogers tojournalist Ida M. Tarbell, who interviewed him for a muckraking expose that led indirectly to the breakup of the Standard Oil Trust. On cruises aboard the Kanawha, Twain and Rogers were joined at frequent intervals by Booker T. Washington, the famed former slave who had become a leading educator. HP G72-120EP Battery

 

While the two famous old men were widely regarded as drinking and poker buddies, they also exchanged letters when apart, and this was often since each traveled a great deal. Unlike Rogers' personal files, which have never become public, HP G72-120EV Battery

these insightful letters were published.^[62] The written exchanges between the two men demonstrate Twain's well-known sense of humor and, more surprisingly, Rogers' sense of fun, providing a rare insight into the private side of the robber baron. HP G72-120EW Battery

 

In April 1907, Twain and Rogers cruised to the opening of the Jamestown Exposition inVirginia. Twain's public popularity was such that many fans took boats out to the Kanawhaat anchor in hopes of getting a glimpse of him. As the gathering of boats around the yacht became a safety hazard, he finally obliged by coming on deck and waving to the crowds. HP G72-120SD Battery

 

Because of poor weather conditions, the steam yacht was delayed for several days from venturing into the Atlantic Ocean. Rogers and some of the others in his party returned to New York by rail; Twain disliked train travel and so elected to wait and return on theKanawha. HP G72-120SG Battery

However, reporters lost track of his whereabouts; when he failed to return to New York City as scheduled, The New York Times speculated that he might have been "lost at sea." Upon arriving safely in New York and learning of this,HP G72-120SO Battery

the humorist wrote a satirical article about the episode, offering to "...make an exhaustive investigation of this report that I have been lost at sea. If there is any foundation for the report, I will at once apprise the anxious public."^[63] HP G72-130 Battery

This bore similarities to an earlier event in 1897 when he made his famous remark "The report of my death was an exaggeration," after a reporter was sent to investigate whether he had died. In fact, it was his cousin who was seriously ill. HP G72-130EG Battery

 

Later that year, Twain and Rogers's son, Henry Jr., returned to the Jamestown Exposition aboard the Kanawha. The humorist helped host Robert Fulton Day on September 23, 1907, celebrating the centennial of Fulton's invention of the steamboat. Twain, filling in for ailing former U.S. President Grover Cleveland, introduced Rear Admiral Purnell Harrington. HP G72-130EV Battery

Twain was met with a five-minute standing ovation; members of the audience cheered and waved their hats and umbrellas. Deeply touched, Twain said, "When you appeal to my head, I don't feel it; but when you appeal to my heart, I do feel it."^[64] HP G72-130SF Battery

 

In April 1909, the two old friends returned to Norfolk, Virginia for the banquet in honor of Rogers and his newly completed Virginian Railway. Twain was the keynote speaker in one of his last public appearances, and was widely quoted in newspapers across the country.^[65] HP G72-140ED Battery

 

A month later, Twain was en route from Connecticut to visit his friend in New York City when Rogers died suddenly on May 20, 1909. Twain arrived at Grand Central Station to be met by his daughter with the news. Stricken with grief, he uncustomarily avoided news reporters who had gathered, saying only "This is terrible...I cannot talk about it." HP G72-260US Battery

Two days later, he served as an honorary pallbearer at the funeral in New York City. However, he declined to join the funeral party on the train ride for the interment at Fairhaven. He said "I cannot bear to travel with my friend and not converse." HP G72-a30SA Battery

 

Views

Before 1899 Twain was an ardent imperialist. In the late 1860s and early 1870s he spoke out strongly in favor of American interests in the Hawaiian Islands.^[68] In the mid-1890s he explained later, he was "a red-hot imperialist. I wanted the American eagle to go screaming over the Pacific."^[69] He said the war with Spain in 1898 was "the worthiest" war ever fought.^[70] HP G72-b01SA Battery

In 1899 he reversed course, and from 1901, soon after his return from Europe, until his death in 1910, Twain was vice-president of the American Anti-Imperialist League,^[71] which opposed the annexation of the Philippines by the United States and had "tens of thousands of members."^[25] He wrote many political pamphlets for the organization.HP G72-b02SA Battery

The Incident in the Philippines, posthumously published in 1924, was in response to the Moro Crater Massacre, in which six hundred Moros were killed. Many of his neglected and previously uncollected writings on anti-imperialism appeared for the first time in book form in 1992.^[71] HP G72-b10SA Battery

 

Twain was critical of imperialism in other countries as well. In Following the Equator, Twain expresses "hatred and condemnation of imperialism of all stripes."^[25] He was highly critical of European imperialism, notably of Cecil Rhodes, who greatly expanded the British Empire, and of Leopold II, King of the Belgians.^[25] HP G72-b15SA Battery

King Leopold's Soliloquy is a stingingpolitical satire about his private colony, the Congo Free State. Reports of outrageous exploitation and grotesque abuses led to widespread international protest in the early 1900s, arguably the first large-scale human rights movement. HP G72-b20SA Battery

In the soliloquy, the King argues that bringing Christianity to the country outweighs a little starvation. Leopold'srubber gatherers were tortured, maimed and slaughtered, until the movement forcedBrussels to call a halt.^[72][73] HP G72 Battery

 

During the Philippine-American War, Twain wrote a short pacifist story entitled The War Prayer, which makes the point that humanism and Christianity's preaching of love are incompatible with the conduct of war. It was submitted to Harper's Bazaar for publication, but on March 22, 1905 the magazine rejected the story as "not quite suited to a woman's magazine." HP G72 Notebook PC Series Battery

Eight days later, Twain wrote to his friend Daniel Carter Beard, to whom he had read the story, "I don't think the prayer will be published in my time. None but the dead are permitted to tell the truth." Because he had an exclusive contract with Harper & Brothers, Twain could not publish The War Prayer elsewhere; it remained unpublished until 1923. It was republished as campaigning material by Vietnam War protesters.^[25] HP G72t Battery

 

Twain acknowledged he originally sympathized with the more moderate Girondins of theFrench Revolution and then shifted his sympathies to the more radical Sansculottes, indeed identifying as "a Marat." Twain supported the revolutionaries in Russia against the reformists, arguing that the Tsar must be got rid of, by violent means, because peaceful ones would not work.^[74] He summed up his views of revolutions in the following statement: HP Pavilion dv3-4000 Battery

 

CIVIL RIGHTS

Twain was an adamant supporter of abolition and emancipation, even going so far to say “Lincoln's Proclamation ... not only set the black slaves free, but set the white man free also.”^[76] He argued that non-whites did not receive justice in the United States, once saying “I have seen Chinamen abused and maltreated in all the mean, HP Pavilion dv3-4010sg Battery

cowardly ways possible to the invention of a degraded nature....but I never saw a Chinaman righted in a court of justice for wrongs thus done to him.”^[77] He paid for at least one black person to attend Yale University Law School and for another black person to attend a southern university to become a minister.^[78] HP Pavilion dv3-4020sp Battery

 

Mark Twain was a staunch supporter of women's rights and an active campaigner forwomen's suffrage. His "Votes for Women" speech, in which he pressed for the granting of voting rights to women, is considered one of the most famous in history.^[79] HP Pavilion dv3-4029TX Battery

 

Helen Keller benefited from Twain's support, as she pursued her college education and publishing, despite her disabilities and financial limitations.

Twain's views on race were not reflected in his early sketches of Native Americans. Of them, Twain wrote in 1870:HP Pavilion dv3-4031TX Battery

 

RELIGION

Although Twain was a Presbyterian, he was sometimes critical of organized religion and certain elements of Christianity through his later life. He wrote, for example, "Faith is believing what you know ain't so," and "If Christ were here now there is one thing he would not be – a Christian."^[86] HP Pavilion dv3-4035tx Battery

Nonetheless, as a mature adult he engaged in religious discussions and attended services, his theology developing as he wrestled with the deaths of loved ones and his own mortality.^[87] HP Pavilion dv3-4057tx Battery

His own experiences and suffering of his family made him particularly critical of "faith healing," such as espoused by Mary Baker Eddy andChristian Science. His more inflammatory works on religion require a nuanced understanding of his theological arguments and criticism.^[87] HP Pavilion dv3-4050ea Battery

 

Twain generally avoided publishing his most heretical opinions on religion in his lifetime, and they are known from essays and stories that were published later. In the essay Three Statements of the Eighties in the 1880s, Twain stated that he believed in an almighty God, HP Pavilion dv3-4059tx Battery

but not in any messages, revelations, holy scriptures such as the Bible, Providence, or retribution in the afterlife. He did state that "the goodness, the justice, and the mercy of God are manifested in His works," but also that "the universe is governed by strict and immutable laws," which determine "small matters," such as who dies in a pestilence.^[88] HP Pavilion dv3-4100 Battery

At other times he wrote or spoke in ways that contradicted a strict deist view, for example, plainly professing a belief in Providence.^[89] In some later writings in the 1890s, he was less optimistic about the goodness of God, observing that "if our Maker is all-powerful for good or evil, HP Pavilion dv3-4100sa Battery

He is not in His right mind." At other times, he conjectured sardonically that perhaps God had created the world with all its tortures for some purpose of His own, but was otherwise indifferent to humanity, which was too petty and insignificant to deserve His attention anyway.^[90] HP Pavilion dv3-4102tx Battery

 

Main article: Twain-Ament Indemnities Controversy

In 1901 Twain criticized the actions of missionary Dr. William Scott Ament (1851–1909) because Ament and other missionaries had collected indemnities from Chinese subjects in the aftermath of the Boxer Uprising of 1900. HP Pavilion dv3-4105tx Battery

Twain's response to hearing of Ament's methods was published in the North American Review in February 1901: To the Person Sitting in Darkness, and deals with examples of imperialism in China, South Africa, and with the U.S. occupation of the Philippines.^[91] HP Pavilion dv3-4106tx Battery

A subsequent article, "To My Missionary Critics" published in The North American Review in April 1901, unapologetically continues his attack, but with the focus shifted from Ament to his missionary superiors, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.^[92] HP Pavilion dv3-4107tx Battery

 

After his death, Twain's family suppressed some of his work that was especially irreverent toward conventional religion, notably Letters from the Earth, which was not published until his daughter Clara reversed her position in 1962 in response to Soviet propaganda about the withholding.^[93] HP Pavilion dv3-4121tx Battery

The anti-religious The Mysterious Stranger was published in 1916.Little Bessie, a story ridiculing Christianity, was first published in the 1972 collection Mark Twain's Fables of Man.^[94] HP Pavilion dv3-4123tx Battery

 

Despite these views, he raised money to build a Presbyterian Church in Nevada in 1864, although it has been argued that it was only by his association with his Presbyterian brother that he did that.^[95] HP Pavilion dv3-4124tx Battery

 

Twain created a reverent portrayal of Joan of Arc, a subject over which he had obsessed for forty years, studied for a dozen years and spent two years writing.^[96] In 1900 and again in 1908, he stated, "I like Joan of Arc best of all my books, it is the best." ^[96][97] HP Pavilion dv3-4200 Battery

 

Those who knew Twain well late in life recount that he dwelt on the subject of the afterlife, his daughter Clara saying: "Sometimes he believed death ended everything, but most of the time he felt sure of a life beyond."^[98] HP Pavilion dv3-4207tx Battery

 

Mark Twain's frankest views on religion appeared in his final Autobiography, which was published 100 years after his death, in November 2010. In it, he said,^[99] HP Pavilion dv3-4208tx Battery

 

Pen names

Twain used different pen names before deciding on "'Mark Twain". He signed humorous and imaginative sketches as "Josh" until 1863. Additionally, he used the pen name "Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass" for a series of humorous letters.^[102] HP Pavilion dv5-1200 Battery

 

He maintained that his primary pen name came from his years working on Mississippi riverboats, where two fathoms, a depth indicating safe water for passage of boat, was measured on the sounding line. Twain is an archaic term for "two". HP Pavilion dv5-1208TX SE Battery

The riverboatman's cry was "mark twain" or, more fully, "by the mark twain", meaning "according to the mark [on the line], [the depth is] two [fathoms]," that is, "The water is 12 feet (3.7 m) deep and it is safe to pass." HP Pavilion dv5-1200 Special Edition Battery

Twain claimed that his famous pen name was not entirely his invention. In Life on the Mississippi, he wrote: HP Pavilion dv5-1209TX SE Battery

Captain Isaiah Sellers was not of literary turn or capacity, but he used to jot down brief paragraphs of plain practical information about the river, and sign them "MARK TWAIN," and give them to the New Orleans Picayune. HP Pavilion dv5-1222TX Battery

They related to the stage and condition of the river, and were accurate and valuable; ... At the time that the telegraph brought the news of his death, I was on the Pacific coast. I was a fresh new journalist, and needed a nom de guerre; HP Pavilion dv5-1232TX Battery

so I confiscated the ancient mariner's discarded one, and have done my best to make it remain what it was in his hands – a sign and symbol and warrant that whatever is found in its company may be gambled on as being the petrified truth; how I have succeeded, it would not be modest in me to say.^[103] HP Pavilion dv5-1233se Battery

Twain's story about his pen name has been questioned by biographer George Williams III,^[104] the Territorial Enterprise newspaper,^[105] and Purdue University's Paul Fatout.^[106]The claim is that "mark twain" refers to a running bar tab that Twain would regularly incur while drinking at John Piper's saloon in Virginia City, Nevada. HP Pavilion dv5-1241la Battery

 

Twain's legacy lives on today as his namesakes continue to multiply. Several schools are named after him, including Mark Twain Elementary School in Houston, Texas, which has a statue of Twain sitting on a bench, and Mark Twain Intermediate School in New York. HP Pavilion dv5-1247la Battery

There are several schools named Mark Twain Middle School in different states, as well as Samuel Clemens High School in Schertz, near San Antonio, Texas. There are also other structures, such as the Mark Twain Memorial Bridge. HP Pavilion dv5-1250us Battery

 

Mark Twain Village is a United States Army installation located in the Südstadt district ofHeidelberg, Germany. It is one of two American bases in the United States Army Garrison Heidelberg that house American soldiers and their families (the other being Patrick Henry Village). HP Pavilion dv5-1300 Battery

 

Awards in his name proliferate. In 1998, The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts created the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, awarded annually. The Mark Twain Award is an award given annually to a book for children in grades four through eight by the Missouri Association of School Librarians. HP Pavilion dv5-2000 Battery

Stetson University in DeLand, Floridasponsors the Mark Twain Young Authors' Workshop each summer in collaboration with the Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum in Hannibal. The program is open to young authors in grades five through eight.^[107] The museum sponsors the Mark Twain Creative Teaching Award.^[108] HP Pavilion dv5-2034la Battery

Buildings associated with Twain, including some of his many homes, have been preserved as museums. His birthplace is preserved in Florida, Missouri. The Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum in Hannibal, Missouri preserves the setting for some of the author's best known work. HP Pavilion dv5-2045la Battery

The home of childhood friend Laura Hawkins, said to be the inspiration for his fictional character Becky Thatcher, is preserved as the "Thatcher House." HP Pavilion dv6-3000 Battery

 

In May 2007, a painstaking reconstruction of the home of Tom Blankenship, the inspiration for Huckleberry Finn, was opened to the public. The family home he had built in Hartford, Connecticut, where he and his wife raised their three daughters, is preserved and open to visitors as the Mark Twain House. HP Pavilion dv5-2046la Battery

 

Asteroid 2362 Mark Twain was named after him.

On December 4, 1985, the United States Postal Service issued a stamped envelope for "Mark Twain and Halley's Comet," noting the connection with Twain's birth, his death, and the comet.^[109] On June 25, 2011, the Postal Service released a Forever stamp in his honor.^[110] HP Pavilion dv6-3005sa Battery

 

Depictions

Main article: Mark Twain in popular culture

Twain is often depicted wearing a white suit. While there is evidence that suggests that, after Livy's death in 1904, Twain began wearing white suits on the lecture circuit, modern representations suggesting that he wore them throughout his life are unfounded. HP Pavilion dv6-3005TX Battery

However, there is evidence of him wearing a white suit before 1904. In 1882, he sent a photograph of himself in a white suit to 18-year-old Edward W. Bok, later publisher of the Ladies Home Journal, with a handwritten dated note on verso. HP Pavilion dv6-3006TX Battery

It did eventually become his trademark, as illustrated in anecdotes about this eccentricity (such as the time he wore a white summer suit to a Congressional hearing during the winter).^[32] McMasters' The Mark Twain Encyclopedia states that Twain did not wear a white suit in his last three years, except at one banquet speech.^[111]HP Pavilion dv6-3010sa Battery

 

Actor Hal Holbrook created a one-man show called Mark Twain Tonight, which he has performed regularly for about 57 years.^[112] The broadcast by CBS in 1967 won him anEmmy Award. Of the three runs on Broadway (1966, 1977, and 2005), the first won him aTony Award. HP Pavilion dv6-3011TX Battery

 

Club career

A former Northern Ireland international, Murdock started his career as an apprentice atManchester United on leaving school in 1991. He featured in the youth side that were FA Youth Cup runners-up in 1993 and turned professional a year later, but never played a first team game for the club and was transferred to Preston for £165,000 in May 1997. HP Pavilion dv6-3015sa Battery

 

Murdock made more than 200 league and cup appearances while at Deepdale, collecting a Division Two title medal in 2000 and featuring in the side that reached the Division Oneplayoff final in 2001 (losing 3–0 to Bolton Wanderers) before moving to Scottish clubHibernian in 2003. HP Pavilion dv6-3020sa Battery

This gave him the long-awaited chance to experience top division football. During his time at Easter Road, he went from villain to hero when he scored the winning goal in a penalty shootout against Rangers in a CIS Cup semi-final.HP Pavilion dv6-3025sa Battery

 

Murdock joined Crewe in the latter part of 2004–05. He skippered the team and his form helped to steer them clear of relegation. In summer 2005, Murdock signed for Rotherham, where he captained the team and brought experience to the centre of the Rotherham defence, making 43 league appearances in two seasons, scoring twice.HP Pavilion dv6-3026tx Battery

At the end of the2006–07 season after a season blighted by injuries he left Rotherham. Following a brief trial period he signed a one-year contract with Shrewsbury.^[2] He made 29 league appearances and scored two goals for the Shrews, but was released by new managerPaul Simpson on 29 April 2008.^[3] HP Pavilion dv6-3030sa Battery

 

On 16 May 2008, Murdock signed a one-year deal with Accrington Stanley .^[4]

At the end of season 2008/09 Murdock retired from professional football after 17 years and 417 appearances to commence a new career as a sports lawyer. HP Pavilion dv6-3030TX Battery

 

Murdock's father was a travelling salesman, while his mother took up laundry and scrubbed floors to make ends meet. Murdock is the middle child of three, he had two sisters. He was particularly close to his mother, who died at 42 from cancer.^[2] HP Pavilion dv6-3031sa Battery

 

Murdock has been married five times. He married his third wife, Gabriele, in 1967. He had two children with Gabriele. When he married Gabriele, he also adopted her son from a previous marriage, Eugene, making a total of three children. HP Pavilion dv6-3032sa Battery

Gabriele was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 1983 and died in 1985. A year later, Eugene died after hitting his head while swimming in the family estate's swimming pool. In 2004, Justin Murdock became his only surviving child, after another son David Murdock Jr. HP Pavilion dv6-3032TX Battery

died in an auto accident on the Santa Monica Freeway.^[2] Justin Murdock currently serves as CEO and Executive Chairman of the Board of NovaRX. Justin is also Senior Vice President of Investments for both Castle & Cooke and the Dole Food Company. He serves on the executive boards of both companies, as well as their audit and finance committees. HP Pavilion dv6-3033sa Battery

 

In 1985, Murdock took over the nearly bankrupt Hawaiian firm Castle & Cooke, which owned pineapple and banana producer Dole Food Company. As a result of his purchase of Castle & Cooke, Murdock acquired ownership of Lana'i, the sixth largest island inHawaii. HP Pavilion dv6-3035sa Battery

HP Pavilion dv6-3040sa Battery

He developed Castle & Cooke's real estate portfolio into residential and commercial properties and turned Dole into the world's largest producer of fruits and vegetables. Acquiring Dole privately in 2003, Murdock completed a $446 million initial public offering in October 2009 and the company now trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker DOLE. Other companies include Pacific Clay. HP Pavilion dv6-3042TX Battery

 

More recently Murdock has helped contribute to the redevelopment of a 5,800,000-square-foot (540,000 m²) complex in Kannapolis, North Carolina of a biotechnology research center known as the North Carolina Research Campus.^[2] The research center is a joint public-private venture, involving major North Carolina universities and private investment. HP Pavilion dv6-3044sa Battery

The site of the research center in the middle of Kannapolis was formerly occupied by Plant #1 of Cannon Mills (which became Pillowtex after a series of mergers and acquisitions). Pillowtex filed for bankruptcy in 2003, and closed the once-thriving mill where Cannon towels and sheets were made, HP Pavilion dv6-3045sa Battery

and was the basis for the creation of the town of Kannapolis. The closing of Plant #1 resulted in the largest mass layoff of workers in North Carolina history. Murdock acquired the site and demolished the mill in 2006. HP Pavilion dv6-3046sa Battery

After the death of his third wife, Gabriele, Murdock has been deeply committed to finding a cure for cancer, advancing nutrition and life extension. HP Pavilion dv6-3048sa Battery

He established the Dole Nutrition Institute to teach the benefits of a plant-based diet to promote health and prevent disease. With the help of UCLA, he oversaw the writing of the "Encyclopedia of Foods, A Guide to Healthy Nutrition." In 2006 he opened the California Health and Longevity Institute (CHLI). HP Pavilion dv6-3047sa Battery

 

Murdock opposes governmental involvement in issues relating to both gay andheterosexual marriage. He also opposes the War on Drugs.^[5] HP Pavilion dv6-3048tx Battery

 

In September 2005, Murdock went on record calling the New Orleans' Danzinger bridge shooting, involving the killing of innocent civilians by the NOPD and subsequent cover-up,^[6] a "magnificent and morally pristine use of force".^[7] Journalist Radley Balko claims that Murdock has yet to retract his written account of the shootings.^[8] HP Pavilion dv6-3050eo Battery

 

He said on MSNBC's "Hardball with Chris Matthews" on September 16, 2007 that he believes Saddam Hussein was involved in perpetrating the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on America. Murdock cited Smith v. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan., 262 F. Supp. 2d 217,^[9] HP Pavilion dv6-3050sa Battery

a federal case heard by U.S. District Judge Harold Baer, Jr.. In Smith v. Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, Judge Baer ruled that Hussein's Baathist government and the Taliban assisted Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda. Judge Baer—who President Clinton nominated in April 1994—ordered Hussein, HP Pavilion dv6-3055sa Battery

Iraq's former government, and this case's other losing parties to pay $104 million in civil damages to the families of George Eric Smith and Timothy Soulas, both murdered on September 11, 2001 at the World Trade Center. Judge Baer added: HP Pavilion dv6-3056sa Battery

"Again, since the al-Qaeda defendants and Iraq are jointly and severally liable, they are all responsible for the payment of any judgment that may be entered." Murdock details this case, and presents extensive additional evidence of Saddam Hussein's philanthropy of terror on a webpage he developed called HUSSEINandTERROR.com.^[10] HP Pavilion dv6-3057sa Battery

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